![]() Ancient agricultural soils provide long-term perspectives on human-environmental relationships and land use sustainability. Soil change ranges from degradation (e.g., organic matter/nutrient decline, compaction, salt/sodium accumulation), to minimal net change, to enhanced soil quality. Terrain change detection is complicated by post-farming geoecological processes and land use. Soil response pathways vary by initial ecosystem conditions, diverse agricultural methods, and environmental sensitivity to alteration (varying resistance and resilience). Soil change is inferred from comparisons of agricultural fields to reference uncultivated areas (space-for-time substitution). Soil studies of prehistoric to contemporary American Indian agriculture across the Southwest indicate varied, dynamic responses to land use.
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